Periodical Essay Definition and Examples

A periodical essay is an essay (that is, a short work of nonfiction) published in a magazine or journal--in particular, an essay that appears as part of a series. The 18th century is considered the great age of the periodical essay in English. Notable periodical essayists of the 18th century include Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Samuel Johnson, and Oliver Goldsmith. Observations on the Periodical Essay The periodical essay in Samuel Johnsons view presented general knowledge appropriate for circulation in common talk. This accomplishment had only rarely been achieved in an earlier time and now was to contribute to political harmony by introducing subjects to which faction had produced no diversity of sentiment such as literature, morality and family life.  (Marvin B. Becker, The Emergence of Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century. Indiana University Press, 1994) The Expanded Reading Public and the Rise of the Periodical Essay The largely middle-class readership did not require a university education to get through the contents of  periodicals and pamphlets written in a middle style and offering instruction to people with rising social expectations. Early eighteenth-century publishers and editors recognized the existence of such an audience and found the means for satisfying its taste. . . . [A] host of periodical writers, Addison and Sir Richard Steele outstanding among them, shaped their styles and contents to satisfy these readers tastes and interests. Magazines--those medleys of borrowed and original material and open-invitations to reader participation in publication--struck what modern critics would term a distinctly middlebrow note in literature.The most pronounced features of the magazine were its brevity of individual items and the variety of its contents. Consequently, the essay played a significant role in such periodicals, presenting commentary on politics, religion, and social matters among its many topics.  (Robert Donald Spector, Samuel Johnson and the Essay. Greenwood, 1997) Characteristics of the 18th-Century Periodical Essay The formal properties of the periodical essay were largely defined through the practice of Joseph Addison and Steele in their two most widely read series, the Tatler (1709-1711) and the Spectator (1711-1712; 1714). Many characteristics of these two papers--the fictitious nominal proprietor, the group of fictitious contributors who offer advice and observations from their special viewpoints, the miscellaneous and constantly changing fields of discourse, the use of exemplary character sketches, letters to the editor from fictitious correspondents, and various other typical features--existed before Addison and Steele set to work, but these two wrote with such effectiveness and cultivated such attention in their readers that the writing in the Tatler and Spectator served as the models for periodical writing in the next seven or eight decades.  (James R. Kuist, Periodical Essay. The Encyclopedia of the Essay, edited by Tracy Chevalier. Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) The Evolution of the Periodical Essay in the 19th Century By 1800 the single-essay periodical had virtually disappeared, replaced by the serial essay published in magazines and journals. Yet in many respects, the work of the early-19th-century familiar essayists reinvigorated the Addisonian essay tradition, though emphasizing eclecticism, flexibility, and experientiality. Charles Lamb, in his serial Essays of Elia (published in the London Magazine during the 1820s), intensified the self-expressiveness of the experientialist essayistic voice. Thomas De Quinceys periodical essays blended autobiography and literary criticism, and William Hazlitt sought in his periodical essays to combine the literary and the conversational.  (Kathryn Shevelow, Essay. Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837, ed. by Gerald Newman and Leslie Ellen Brown. Taylor Francis, 1997) Columnists and Contemporary Periodical Essays Writers of the popular periodical essay have in common both brevity and regularity; their essays are generally intended to fill a specific space in their publications, be it so many column inches on a feature or op-ed page or a page or two in a predictable location in a magazine. Unlike freelance essayists who can shape the article to serve the subject matter, the columnist more often shapes the subject matter to fit the restrictions of the column. In some ways this is inhibiting because it forces the writer to limit and omit material; in other ways, it is liberating, because it frees the writer from the need to worry about finding a form and lets him or her concentrate on the development of ideas.  (Robert L. Root, Jr., Working at Writing: Columnists and Critics Composing. SIU Press, 1991)

History of Social Relations in India - 6115 Words

Caste and gender equations in Indian history No aspect of Indian history has excited more controversy than India s history of social relations. Western indologists and Western-influenced Indian intellectuals have seized upon caste divisions, untouchability, religious obscurantism, and practices of dowry and sati as distinctive evidence of India s perennial backwardness. For many Indologists, these social ills have literally come to define India - and have become almost the exclusive focus of their writings on India. During the colonial period, it served the interests of the British (and their European cohorts) to exaggerate the democratic character of their own societies while diminishing any socially redeeming features of society†¦show more content†¦For instance, we find no evidence of caste-like discrimination in societies where land was collectively owned and jointly cultivated, or where goods and services were exchanged within the village on the basis of barter, and there was no premium assigned to any particular type of work. All services and all forms of human labor were valued equally. Such village communes may have once existed throughout India and some appear to have survived until quite recently - especially in the hills, (such as in parts of Himachal and the North East, including Assam and Tripura), but also in Orissa and parts of Central India. In such societies, we also see little evidence of gender discrimination. In India, caste and gender discrimination appear to become more pronounced with the advent of hereditary and authoritarian ruling dynasties, a powerful state bureaucracy, the growth of selective property rights, and the domination of Brahmins over the rural poor in agraharaShow MoreRelatedIndi India And India953 Words   |  4 Pagesreader about the country of India. Encompassed in the two pages are two cultural domains about India and how India relates to the United States. The first cultural domain discussed is a brief summary of the history of India in paragraph two. Immediately following the history of India, paragraph three contains the economics and most prominent resources in India. The fourth paragraph explains India’s relation to the United States. 2. For more than 300 years, India known as the Mughal Dynasty,Read MoreAdvantages of Festivals896 Words   |  4 PagesAdvantages of Festivals - 1 Festivals celebration is the the culture we got from our past generations.According to the history these festivals are celebrated when they achieve something (symbol of victory),or on the occasions where they are benefited (crop gain,happy with some gatherings etc). These festival celebrattions have got following advantages: 1. Increase the relations among the people 2. Create an opportunity to the people of community to share their feeling and exchange their ideas andRead MoreE M Forster and the British Raj in a Passage to India Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and D.H. Lawrence gave the form new dimensions. Among these writers E.M. Forster made a mark in the literature of his age through his last novel A Passage to India (1924), which was entirely different from Forsters other novels in that it dealt with the political occupation of India by the British, a colonial domination that ended soon after the publication of this novel. Forster, a liberal and humanist in outlook, emphasised the importance of love and understandingRead MoreAdvantages of Festivals880 Words   |  4 PagesAdvantages of Festivals - 1 Festivals celebration is the the culture we got from our past generations.According to the history these festivals are celebrated when they achieve something (symbol of victory),or on the occasions where they are benefited (crop gain,happy with some gatherings etc). These festival celebrattions have got following advantages: 1. Increase the relations among the people 2. Create an opportunity to the people of community to share their feeling and exchange their ideasRead MoreSelect a Movie or Tv Show That Effectively Communicates the Cultural, Values and Norms of a Society That Is Different from Your Own Culture. Ideally, This Movie or Tv Show Would Be a Foreign Film with Subtitles. the1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe Story of India NAME SSCI210-1101B-08: Sociology American Intercontinental University Abstract As a society many are not aware that development can be more compelling through knowledge about other society’s life experiences. Even when becoming aware, societies continue with the lack of knowledge. This results in consequences in these societies and with international relations. There are tremendous forms of ethnocentrism that can cause crucial social problems, such as ethnic cleansing,Read MoreIndia Of The Indus Valley Civilization1087 Words   |  5 PagesIndia, the Indus Valley civilization is truly an ancient seat of human civilization. Being the seventh largest country in the world, India has always been rich in both natural and human resources. So far as human history goes India towers in its achievements among which would be included written language, philosophy and one of the earliest large scale urban civilizations. The history of India is replete with many examples of the integration of indigenous peoples with the migrating peoples of theRead MoreChina, India, and Multinational Enterprises Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesChina and India will compensate by shifting from international markets to their own domestic markets. The IMF has also projected that China will overtake the US economy by 2015 and India is expected to be equal in size to the US economy by 2020 (International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2011). It is clear that the continued expansion of China’s and India’s economies places them as a dominant economic forces that Multinational Enterprises will have to compete with for market share in China, India, emergingRead MoreThe Era Of Co Operation And Developing International Relations1654 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Today is the era of co-operation and developing international relations. Globalization has brought countries closer to one another and has formed different organizations and alliance for mutual benefits. Representatives of nations gather in a common platform and discuss their countries benefits, interests, problems and work together to achieve their goals. SAARC is such an organization. SAARC is the acronym for South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. As a clear form the nameRead MoreMexico Is A Product Of Its Past Political Violence Early1445 Words   |  6 PagesMexico is a product of its past; political violence early in its history proceeded to cause a quasi-authoritarian, corporatist regime. Its nationalist tone was a result of both foreign intervention and a search for stability, workers were expectant of unionized labor creating job security and a living wage, and businesses were accustomed to subsidies and tariff protection (Gill, 2014). However, this all changed in the 1980’s when Mexico experienced an economic crisis when the international economyRead MoreIndi A Country Of Personal Laws1482 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION India’s history is testimony to the fact that it’s been a country of personal laws. The reality in India has always been much more complex than other societies, which have been totally secularized. The process of secularization in India, though not negligible has been far more slow and tortuous. And no law however ideal can become acceptable if it alienates people and ignores social realities. A law has to be socially rooted in order to be acceptable. In India, there are different set

Global Warming Essay Free Essays

â€Å"Up and down, up and down – that is how temperature and climate have always gone in the past and there is no proof they are still doing exactly the same now. In other words, climate change is an entirely natural phenomenon, nothing to do with the burning of fossil fuels† – David Bellamy Global warming can be defined as the gradual increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and the question over what has been causing this increase in temperature has sparked many debates throughout the world. There is certainly evidence to suggest that global warming is a real issue, not just an urban myth. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since pre-industrial times (i. e. before the industrial revolution in the late 1700s) global average temperatures have risen by about 0. 7 °C, with roughly half of this occurring in the past 30-40 years. Not only this but carbon dioxide levels in the Earth’s atmosphere have also dramatically increased since this time. But is this relatively recent rise in global temperatures down to human activities or is it just a result of the planet’s core temperatures naturally fluctuating up and down, like they always have, or is it a combination of both? The majority belief, particularly in the past few decades, is that climate change is solely a result of human activities putting a huge strain on the planet and it is these man-made issues that probably cause the most damage. Pollution is perhaps the biggest anthropogenic problem in terms of climate change and can come in many forms. A large Plan The case for attributing the recent global warming to human activities rests on the following undisputed scientific facts: †¢ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere. †¢ Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 380 ppm. Current concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are unprecedented in at least the last 650,000 years, based on records from gas bubbles trapped in polar ice. Independent measurements demonstrate that the increased CO2 in the atmosphere comes from burning fossil fuels and forests. The isotopic composition of carbon from these sources contains a unique â€Å"fingerprint. † †¢ Since pre-industrial times, global average temperatures have increased by about 0. 7? C, with about half of the warming occurring over the past few decades. †¢ The only quantitative and internally consistent explanation for the recent global war ming includes the intensified greenhouse effect caused by the increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. How to cite Global Warming Essay, Essay examples

Non-Verbal Communication in Criminal Justice free essay sample

Whether it is factually writing an incident report or verbally explaining to a juror what their responsibility is during a trial, these professionals must clearly express important information. Oral and written communication obviously have their place in this domain, but communication does not end here, that’s why this paper will elaborate on the subject of the importance of nonverbal communication and point out how this information will help criminal justice professionals to succeed. It will break down the subject into categories and elaborate on the different environments this material will support various encounters in the judicial system. According to the pioneer in the study of nonverbal communication, Ray Birdwhistell, he has approximated that only thirty percent of the communication is actually verbal. (Lytle, J. S. , 1984). In this Criminal Justice Communication course, we were informed that it is believed the communication cues we rely on are as follows: fifty-five percent are facial expressions, thirty-eight percent are tone of voice, and only seven percent are actual words that are spoken. Wallace, H. , Robertson, C. , 2009). Although the method of nonverbal communication is not an exact science, it is still important to understand what body language, facial expressions, hand gestures, and personal distance are conveying; this breakdown of interpretation is also known as soft skills. As criminal justice professionals it can be particularly important for a better understanding of unspoken communication since criminal justice professionals interact with people from so many different backgrounds and may be in intense situations. They are required to assess conditions and attempt to predetermine the next move of the subject being observed and depending on the role of the individual professional it could determine the outcome of a life or death situation. On a daily basis for every criminal justice profession it is always important to understand and continually fine tune the art of body language interpretation. The variety of situations and limitless diversity definitely poses a great possibility for error; this is why it is critical for all of the factors to be taken into account when reading each subject and the entire scenario. Nowicki, E. , 2001). So how do you know the perception of what is happening is being communicated correctly? Well, accuracy can be obtained through several tactics, however, before discussing that it is important to consider the components that could alter soft skills analyses which can be unintentional and end up skewing the outcome. For example, if communication is taking place wit h someone that is emotionally and/or intellectually challenged, suffers from a mental illness, or is under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol this will most likely interfere with the reading of the subject’s nonverbal language. When interacting with children it is important to be aware of the fact that they are still developing their social skills and tend to be awkward with their movements and gestures. (Hollerbach, D. , 2006). Additionally, senior citizens are harder to read because they have less muscle tone in the face. Gender, economic, and cultural differences can also affect non-verbal communication. Studies have revealed that men tend to mask or hide their emotions more than women. Patterns of variation in male and female facial expressions, gestures, and movement are due to the roles each gender plays in society, the cultural stereotypes and perceptions that are acceptable. Economic environment can also adjust the soft skills of a subject; an example of this difference would be the way a president of a Fortune 500 company would most likely not have the same gestures and movements as a gang leader would possess in a public setting. Although the American entertainment industry has contributed to bridging the cultural gap in nonverbal communication there are still significant differences with interpretations in regards to soft skills. For instance, eastern culture views on eye contact are considerably different from our western culture, men and women have different boundaries when it comes to body language from country to country, and this is also the case in respect to age in many cultures, too. There may be some issues when trying to read the body language of the hearing impaired and the deaf, too. In the past, sign language was considered to be a form of nonverbal communication because of the gestures or pantomimes. However, this is no longer the case, through the assistance of linguistic research; American Sign Language (ASL) is now classified as a verbal language. (Lytle, J. S. , 1984). When attempting to assess a situation utilizing soft skills, a criminal justice professional must consider the message they are trying to relay to someone who happens to be hearing impaired or deaf is delayed, they may be reading our lips, and for them to communicate their â€Å"words† it requires more intense facial and hand gestures. When considering the maneuvers criminal justice professionals practice to help assess a situation, individual, or group, perhaps to avoid repetition, it would be best to break down and give examples of how these professionals could best use the components of soft skills as tools for a successful outcome in their daily functions. Proceed with caution and be mindful of the variables previously conveyed and how interpretation can be skewed when they are a part of the equation. Human behavior can be tricky since it is not controlled like a language and let’s face it, most individuals have many eccentricities which interfere with identifiable patterns in this form of communication. Practice, knowledge and intuition can help overcome some of these obstacles, though. Through facial expressions, professionals in the field of criminal justice may be able to tell what the true feelings of the subject they are interacting with are and if there is truth or deception in the words they are speaking. It may be best to sort this category out by facial parts, and please remember for the purpose of this paper, the examples are specific, but not limited to expressions that can be used by criminal justice professionals in various positions for a number of situations. The indicators generated from the forehead are usually in conjunction with other body language signals, more like amplifiers, since it is limited in the amount of movements it can make and the message tends to be negative. A wrinkled forehead accompanied by raised eyebrows can be interpreted as being surprised, confused, or questioning. When someone’s forehead is sweating in the presence of a criminal justice professional, chances are it is being read as nervousness and/or deception. Depending on how the forehead is touched it can indicate different messages, like when a subject is slowly rubbing it may be interpreted as deep thinking as though they are trying to come up with a story or trying to remember something. If someone is massaging their temples it could mean stress or frustration. (Pillai, D. , Sheppard, E. , and Mitchell, P. 2012). Much like the forehead, the eyebrows are usually not independent indicators of nonverbal facial cues; they serve as more of an accent to the eyes and can work in conjunction with the forehead’s clues. They can help give hints to emotions like anger, surprise, and annoyance. We have all heard the statement, â€Å"The eyes are the windows to the soul†, and there is some definite truth to that in interpreting the expressions from someone’s eyes. The eyes can indicate many things that could be helpful in just about every situation in this field; not only can they tell us if an individual is truthful or lying, it can tell us that the subject is angry, sad, surprised, happy, or even under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The eyes can even indicate that the subject is â€Å"sizing up the situation† to commit a crime, looking for a weapon to use, or for a way to escape. There is also a term called the â€Å"target glance† that is taught to law enforcement which is given about one-half of a second before a person attacks; what a helpful skill that would be to acquire! Nowicki, E. , 2001). Working down the face, the nose can be a great indicator for detecting a liar. Honest! When a person lies, this can cause the blood vessels in their nose to dilate, making the nose swell or appear redder. This nasal inflammation causes cells to release natural histamine, which makes the nose itchy and generates touching or scratch ing it. Maybe we should call it the â€Å"Pinocchio Theory†. Pinching the bridge of the nose can show the person is evaluating something, usually negatively and with some frustration. Much like eyes, lips can give us many clues into the mind of the person being observed. If the subject has pursed lips this indicates the classic sign of anger, even when it is suppressed. It can also tell us that the person is lying or â€Å"sealing their lips† to prevent slipping out the truth. Biting the lips can express nervousness, anxiety, guilt, or lying; typically this action is a subconscious action of a liar. Snarling is where the teeth are exposed by pulling back the lips and specifies aggression, although this can also be a broad smile, so for an accurate reading it is important to also utilize the expression of the subject’s eyes. Reading a smile can be complex since it is often used as a mask for a deceitful person, so it is best to assess other parts of the face, too. (Pillai, D. , Sheppard, E. , and Mitchell, P. , 2012). The movements and gestures of the upper body can also be a powerful way of tapping into a subject’s agenda and in some cases even a foreshadowing of someone’s next move. If a person’s shoulders are bowed back this is demonstrating their power or authority and signifies they are not in fear of an attack; in some situations it can symbolize challenging authority. If someone has their shoulders curled forward it shows the person feels inferior or quite possibly consumed with remorse. When a subject is crossing their arms across their chest it is a sign they are placing a barrier between themselves and their surroundings showing they are not receptive to what is happening. Hands can generate a plethora on messages for an observer to identify clues into a person’s agenda. Hands being balled up into fists are usually a negative sign and indicate intense anger, a possible attack, or extreme frustration. When the palms are facing upwards this can tell their defenses are down and they are being honest. Finger pointing is classified as an assertive sign of aggression. While tapping or drumming says the person is impatient or frustrated and fiddling with items is usually a signal that the individual is nervous or anxious, or quite possibly boredom. Biting fingernails denotes insecurity and the person is very nervous. Finally, the lower body will complete this head-to-toe nonverbal communication map for a professional in the field of criminal justice. The wider a person’s feet are situated from each other, the more power and dominant the person is feeling. When someone has placed their hands on their hips it can prompt their readiness to confront or challenging the person they are facing. Sitting with the legs apart or if the person’s legs are crossed at the ankles this can express positive feelings and honesty. When one ankle is place on top of the other leg’s knee with the top leg’s knee positioned sideways this is a sign of confidence and even power. While legs that are crossed can indicate defensiveness or be a positive response, the message depends on the tension of the leg muscles. If a subject is bouncing their foot while sitting with crossed legs this suggests nervousness, irritation, or boredom. (Hollerbach, D. 2006). These hints can be used not only to predict the next move of someone they can also be used to the advantage of criminal justice employees. When you are intentionally conscience of the messages these gestures make you can utilize them to accelerate or deflate a situation. For instance, an arresting officer can â€Å"play† the person they are interrogating with some of these signals, an attorney can coach their client to convey a particular message to a jury, and a judge can use these skills to calm a defendant or a witness and even convey compassion. The possibilities are endless; what a great tool to have in our possession! In conclusion, we all could benefit from the knowledge and skills of studying nonverbal communication. As a Judicial Clerk for Maricopa County Superior Court, I see the need to educate myself further on the subject of nonverbal communication. I also believe that fellow criminal justice professionals could utilize information regarding the art of nonverbal communication and I would recommend also being mindful of the variables and constantly honing their soft skills. All levels of communication should be well thought out and it is so important to really listen before speaking, read and re-read messages or reports before hitting the send button or turning in. This information and advice would also be wise to incorporate in our personal lives, as well. ? References Grubb, Hemby, R, K. (2003). Effective Communication for Criminal Justice Professionals. Belmont, CA 94002-: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Hollerbach, D. (2006). Improving Nonverbal Communication: A Guide for Upcoming Criminal Justice Professionals. Yahoo Voices. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/improving-nonverbal-communication-guide-upcoming-138589. html Lytle, J. S. (1984). Nonverbal Communication of the Deaf. Association For Communication Administration Bulletin, (50), 53-56. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ehost/detail? vid=5sid=193e1f00-5544-4814-8f73-b0af4788cbee%40sessionmgr114hid=108bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=ufhAN=18090140 Nowicki, E. 2001). Body Language. Law and Order v. 49, issue 8, pg. 27-28. Retrieved from Lytle, J. S. (1984). Nonverbal Communication of the Deaf. Association for Communication Administration Bulletin, (50), 53-56. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ehost/detail? vid=5sid=193e1f00-5544-4814-8f73- Pillai, D. , Sheppard, E. , and Mitchell, P. (2012). Ca n People Guess What Happened to Others from Their Reactions? PLoS ONE, 7 (11) DOI: Retrieved from http://dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0049859 Wallace, H. , Robertson, C. (2009). Written and Interpersonal